Frailty is recognised as an ageing process, associated with a state of reduced reserves which increases the individual's vulnerability to stressors resulting in poor outcomes like fall, premature death, hospitalisations, function decline and institutionalisations. frailty affects an individual's physical, psychosocial and dental well-being. Fortunately, it is a dynamic state where steps are available to improve or slow down progression.
in this retrospective observational study, the authors surveyed 416 community dwelling elderly to identify potentially modifiable risk factors among the pre-frail elderly.
Results showed sarcopenia is the most significant risk factor (OR 6.361 95%CI 2.142-.274 p<0.001), which was reflected in weaker lower limb strength (5x sit to stand >12s OR2.398 95%CI1.04-4.95 p<0.001), history of falls OR3.138 95%CI 1.221-8.068 p=0.017), poor oral health (OR2.278 95%CI1.047-4.955 p=0.038), cognitive impairment (OR3.947 95%CI 2.142-7.274 p<0.001)
this survey identified risk factors which are potentially modifiable to prevent onset and progression of frailty. The risk factors identified have cheap, quick and validated screening tools. Community screening provides an opportunity to improve/manage and even prevent sarcopenia by interventions on nutrition, exercises, balance and strength training which may reduce future fall risks. Oral health is under-managed among the elderly worldwide and poor oral health is common among the elderly. Delaying onset of frailty is a public health concern as the population grow older and WHO has identified this as one of its priorities to provide better care for the elderly.